Blockchain-Based Management of Massive Engineering-Project Data for Transparency and Tamper Resistance

Massive engineering projects generate heterogeneous data from design models, geotechnical investigations, structural calculations, material certificates, inspection reports, construction schedules, financialtransactions, sensor networks, drones, laboratory tests, and operation-and-maintenance systems. Conventional centralized databases create risks related to unauthorized modification, fragmented responsibility, weak traceability, single-point failure, and disputes concerning the authenticity of project information.This research proposes a mathematical and technological framework for managing engineeringproject data through a permissioned blockchain integrated with Building Information Modeling, Internet of Things devices, digital twins, geographic information systems, and smart contracts. The proposed model treats every project record as a cryptographically authenticated state transition. Hash functions, digital signatures, Merkle trees, timestamped blocks, Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus, and access-control policies are combined to establish a verifiable chain of custody for engineering data. The research develops formal equations for block formation, data integrity, transaction validation, consensus reliability, smart-contract execution, sensor-data aggregation, construction-progress verification, material traceability, and probabilistic tamper detection. A hybrid storage architecture is proposed in which large engineering files remain in distributed off-chain repositories, while cryptographic fingerprints and essential metadata are recorded on-chain. The framework is particularly suitable for bridges, tunnels, airports, dams, railways, high-rise buildings, industrial facilities, and other projects involving multiple organizations and large volumes of technical information. Blockchain does not guarantee the truthfulness of an input by itself. Instead, it provides a mathematically verifiable mechanism for preserving the identity, chronology, authorship, and integrity of information after it has been recorded. Reliable implementation therefore requires trusted sensors, calibrated instruments, qualified inspectors, secure oracles, formal smart-contract verification, and governance rules shared by all project participa .