Managing solar transmittance and long-wave infrared emissivity in dual-channel smart windows

Most smart windows regulate solar transmittance but overlook long-wave infrared (LWIR) radiative exchange, limiting year-round thermal regulation. This Review discusses dual-channel smart windows that dynamically tune both solar transmission and LWIR emissivity, including atmospheric-window radiative cooling, to enable adaptive switching between cooling and heating modes. We outline the underlying thermodynamic principles, summarize key material strategies and coupling states, and highlight applications in energy-efficient buildings, thermoelectric energy harvesting, and sensitive-device protection. By integrating solar and thermal-radiation management within a unified framework, dual-channel smart windows provide a foundation for next-generation climate-adaptive glazing systems. This Review discusses dual-channel smart windows that dynamically tune both solar transmission and long-wave infrared emissivity, including atmospheric-window radiative cooling, to enable adaptive switching between cooling and heating modes.