Twenty-Five Years of Human Urinary Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins: Analytical Advances and Applications in Risk Assessment

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that have continuously attracted research interest, both for their potential negative effects on animal and human health and for the economic losses they entail. Studies assessing exposure to mycotoxins have become increasingly widespread. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of mycotoxins and to evaluate the evolution of research on monitoring mycotoxin exposure using human urine samples, concerning analytical techniques and occurrence. Studies published in English over the last 25 years from four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus) were analyzed. Evaluating 73 original articles, a constant interest in the analysis of ochratoxin A in human urine samples could be observed (maximum level 148 ng/mL), a fact also justified by its demonstrated toxicity. The most commonly used analytical technique to evaluate mycotoxin presence in human urine was liquid chromatography coupled with high-performance detectors. The limitations of the review include the large period covered and the lack of mycotoxin concentrations expressed in ng biomarker/mL urine in some articles. Finally, an overview of how mycotoxin levels in human urine can be applied to mycotoxin exposure risk assessment was included.