The History of Transposable Element Invasions in Drosophila melanogaster

As a fundamental biological principle, genomic information is typically transmitted vertically from parent to offspring. Occasionally, however, genetic material is transferred horizontally between species. Transposable elements (TEs) are frequently involved in such horizontal transfer (HT), possibly due to their ability to move in genomes. HT has been particularly well-studied in Drosophila melanogaster , a key model organism for evolutionary and ecological research. Recent studies have revealed that HT triggered the invasion of 12 different TEs in the D. melanogaster genome over the past 200 years. This finding challenges our traditional view of genome evolution, suggesting that TE invasions may not only be isolated events that can be ignored as rare exceptions but could represent recurrent events that continuously reshape genomes. In this review, we trace the history of how these 12 invasions were discovered and outline the lines of evidence supporting them. We also discuss the potential evolutionary consequences of these TE invasions, including their roles in adaptation, genome evolution, speciation, and extinction risk. Finally, we highlight open questions and directions for future research. In particular, it will be essential to test whether other organisms also exhibit similarly high rates of recent TE invasions and to assess whether human activity triggered the high rate of invasions.