Exploring feature variability in digitally captured signatures—Part I: Variability in genuine signatures and the effects of collection sessions and writing position

{"Digitally":[0],"captured":[1],"signatures":[2,64,121,183],"(DCSs)":[3],"pose":[4],"new":[5],"challenges":[6],"for":[7,24,168,200,223],"forensic":[8,25,235],"handwriting":[9],"examination":[10],"compared":[11,71],"with":[12,72,181],"paper-based":[13],"signatures.":[14],"While":[15],"DCSs":[16,51,75,233],"provide":[17],"spatial":[18],"coordinates,":[19,170],"time":[20,171],"and":[21,45,59,70,96,112,176,227],"force":[22,203],"values":[23,129],"examination,":[26],"the":[27,30,43,84,106,119,133,137,142,150,155,162,188,207,219],"variability":[28,47,226],"of":[29,115,118,144,161,215,221],"features":[31,165,198],"derived":[32],"from":[33,53],"these":[34],"data":[35],"remains":[36],"insufficiently":[37],"understood.":[38],"This":[39,140],"study":[40,217],"therefore":[41],"examined":[42,164],"within-":[44],"between-writer":[46,88],"in":[48,78,90,94,97,172,211,234],"1560":[49],"genuine":[50],"collected":[52,76,190],"65":[54],"participants":[55],"across":[56,102],"eight":[57,156],"sessions":[58],"three":[60],"writing":[61,80,229],"positions.":[62],"These":[63],"were":[65,131],"treated":[66],"as":[67],"questioned":[68,120,182],"specimens":[69],"1820":[73],"reference":[74,126,138,151,191],"later":[77],"one":[79],"position.":[81],"As":[82],"expected,":[83],"results":[85],"revealed":[86],"substantial":[87],"differences":[89],"absolute":[91],"feature":[92,225],"values,":[93],"variability,":[95],"correlations":[98],"despite":[99],"general":[100],"patterns":[101],"writers.":[103],"Depending":[104],"on":[105,147],"feature,":[107],"between":[108],"55%":[109],"(line":[110],"length)":[111],"96%":[113],"(number":[114],"pen":[116],"lifts)":[117],"fell":[122],"within":[123],"their":[124],"writer-specific":[125,224],"ranges.":[127],"Most":[128],"that":[130],"outside":[132],"range":[134],"clustered":[135],"around":[136],"distributions.":[139],"highlighted":[141],"limitations":[143],"interpretation":[145],"based":[146],"a":[148],"\\"within-outside":[149],"range\\"":[152],"threshold.":[153],"Across":[154],"sessions,":[157],"only":[158],"four":[159],"out":[160],"fifteen":[163],"(DTW":[166],"scores":[167],"XY":[169],"air,":[173],"total":[174],"duration,":[175],"width)":[177],"showed":[178],"systematic":[179],"changes,":[180],"becoming":[184],"increasingly":[185],"similar":[186],"to":[187],"subsequently":[189],"samples.":[192],"Writing":[193],"position":[194],"also":[195],"influenced":[196],"several":[197],"significantly;":[199],"example,":[201],"median":[202],"was":[204,209],"lower":[205],"when":[206,231],"pad":[208],"held":[210],"hand.":[212],"The":[213],"findings":[214],"this":[216],"underscore":[218],"importance":[220],"accounting":[222],"non-standard":[228],"conditions":[230],"examining":[232],"casework.":[236]}