Robust finite-time sliding mode control for a multisource energy storage system in hybrid electric vehicles with real-time validation

Abstract Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have emerged as a promising solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the environmental impact of conventional internal combustion vehicles, while overcoming the range limitations of fully electric vehicles (EVs). This study presents a multisource energy storage system (MESS) for an HEV, comprising a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), battery, supercapacitor (SC), and photovoltaic panel (PV). These complementary energy sources are integrated through dedicated power electronic converters connected to a common DC-bus, enabling coordinated power delivery under dynamic operating conditions. To ensure stable DC-bus voltage regulation and accurate current tracking of the energy sources, a finite-time sliding mode controller (FTSMC) is developed. The extra urban driving cycle (EUDC), urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), and worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) driving cycles are employed to evaluate the DC-bus voltage regulation of the proposed system under diverse driving conditions. The stability of the proposed controller is established using Lyapunov theory and phase plane analysis. Furthermore, its performance is comprehensively evaluated against conventional sliding mode control (SMC) using well-established performance metrics, including mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE), and integral time absolute error (ITAE). The proposed FTSMC is validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and real-time implementation on a TI C2000 Delfino. Quantitative metrics, including rise time, transient time, and percentage overshoot, together with qualitative observations, demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves improved current tracking accuracy, robustness, and DC-bus voltage regulation compared with the conventional SMC, highlighting its potential to enhance the performance of MESS-based HEVs under the tested conditions.