Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) among residents of Enugu metropolis, Nigeria

Introduction Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease of significant public health importance in sub-Saharan Africa, caused by Trypanosoma species. Previous national control programmes substantially reduced the number of reported cases, declining surveillance and diagnostic activities in endemic regions creating gaps in disease awareness and prevention. There is limited information on public knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices (KAP) regarding HAT in Nigeria. This study assessed the KAP relating to HAT among residents of Enugu metropolis, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 217 participants using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised four sections covering sociodemographic characteristics and KAP as regards to HAT. Data were analysed using descriptive and Pearson's chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results Most respondents were aged 18–30 years (56.2%), male (56.7%), and attained tertiary education (53.5%). Although 76.5% of respondents had heard of HAT, 33.6% demonstrated good knowledge of the disease, 18.4% exhibited positive attitudes, and 57.1% reported good preventive practices. Risky behaviours were common: 59.0% of respondents reported self-medicating with antimalarial drugs, while 50.7% preferred seeking treatment from traditional healers. No statistically significant associations (p > 0.05) were found between KAP outcomes and demographic variables examined. Conclusion The respondents showed substantial misconceptions and high-risk behaviours about HAT. There is need for comprehensive health education campaigns and sustained community engagement to improve knowledge, foster positive attitudes, and promote appropriate preventive practices across all population groups in the study area.