Classical humanitarianism in the wake of complex crises: the Case of Gaza

Since October 2023, humanitarianism has been questioned in the context of Gaza’s crisis, revealing critical defects in the implementation of principles and practices. This paper, therefore, examines the effectiveness of classical humanitarianism in Gaza as a complex crisis. By employing a qualitative methodology, the article is grounded in literature review and semi-structured interviews with 13 key informants. Drawing on the classical humanitarian paradigm and engaging with critical humanitarianism, findings suggest that Gaza’s case is more than an operational failure. It represents a systemic paralysis of the humanitarian system, exposing the politicisation of aid, the inability to operate amid realities subjected to blockades, and the erosion of aid principles. This study argues that Gaza’s crisis challenges the assumptions underpinning classical humanitarianism and contributes to debates on impact and reform in the aid system. The paper concludes by summarising the key findings and deliberating the theoretical and practical implications of the study.