Mechanism of Magnetic Coupling and Electrostatic Repulsion

An archived preprint points out that nanoscale nearfield adsorption on nonmacroscopically magnetic solid surfaces originates from microscopic magneticdipole coupling formed by the spin and orbital motion of surface electrons. Solid interfaces universally exhibit dual electrostatic repulsion: electronelectron repulsion and nucleusnucleus repulsion. At the singleparticle level, electrostatic repulsion is stronger than magnetic coupling. This raises a key physical question: given the predominance of electrostatic repulsion, why can net attractive forces still emerge at microscopic interfaces and sustain stable crystallattice structures? Centered on this core contradiction, this paper constructs a microscopic mechanical model describing the dynamic competition between magneticcoupling attraction and electrostatic repulsion as gap distance varies. The orbital motion of electrons is equivalent to miniature circular current loops that generate closed magnetic fields wrapping the outer side of electron electrostatic fields. The effective spatial range of magnetic fields exceeds that of nearfield electrostatic fields. As two solid surfaces approach each other, outer magneticfield envelopes make contact and interlock first to produce attraction via magneticdipole coupling. Only when the gap is compressed to an extremely small value do charge regions overlap substantially and electrostatic repulsion rises sharply. Bulk solids show no macroscopic magnetism because magnetic moments of enormous numbers of electrons orient randomly and their magnetic fields cancel out statistically. This is a surface phenomenon rather than evidence that electrons lack magnetic effects at the microscopic scale. When the observation scale shrinks to nanoscopic local interfaces, the macroscopic statisticalcancellation rule for bulk solids no longer applies. Local surfaceelectron magnetic moments can spontaneously align in NS interlocking configurations and generate persistent collective magneticcoupling attraction. Without magneticcoupling attraction at the microscopic interface, only electrostatic repulsion would remain. Atoms would merely repel and disperse, and stable lattices could not form. Forcedistance curves measured by atomicforcemicroscopy (AFM) experiments show qualitative consistency with the mechanism proposed herein and support the rationality of this physical model. This paper focuses only on the competitive mechanism between magnetic coupling and electrostatic repulsion and does not deny the existence of other auxiliary forces within crystal lattices.