Insight into three -dimensional (3D) printing and bioprinting in oncology and neurology: Perspectives on diagnosis and therapy

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a life-changing technology in biomedical sciences, offers new possibilities for personalized and precise therapeutic interventions. In anticancer research, 3D printing provides a unique platform for tailored therapies. Enabling the fabrication of complex tissue models, tumor microenvironments, and drug delivery systems, this technology facilitates accurate preclinical testing and enhances predictability of therapeutic responses. Bioprinting approaches, which incorporate biomaterials, living cells, and growth factors, allow the generation of patient-specific tumor models that mimic the heterogeneity and architecture of actual cancers. These models not only improve the understanding of tumor biology but also accelerate the development of targeted drugs. Furthermore, 3D printing supports the design of implantable scaffolds and devices capable of localized and sustained drug release, thereby reducing systemic toxicity often associated with conventional chemotherapy. As the field advances, integration of nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and bioinformatics with 3D printing holds promise for the development of multifunctional therapeutic systems. While regulatory challenges, scalability, and cost remain significant hurdles, ongoing research indicates a strong potential for 3D printing to revolutionize cancer treatment. This convergence of engineering and oncology may ultimately pave the way for highly personalized, and patient-centred anticancer therapeutics.