Nutritional properties and traditional uses of a native palm species in West Africa

Abstract Palm trees (Arecaceae) are critically important worldwide, particularly in tropical regions where they provide essential resources for food, shelter, medicine, and income. The African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis holds particular significance in West Africa, as a vital nutritional source and a cornerstone of rural livelihoods and cultural practices. In Guinea-Bissau, the wild Dura variety is the most widespread and used, even though the cultivated Tenera variety also occurs. This study analyzes the nutritional and functional properties of the edible parts of wild E. guineensis and documents its traditional uses. Samples of fresh fruits and sap were collected, preserved, and assessed for nutritional and functional characteristics. Socio-economic relevance was explored through market visits and interviews with local users. Results show that palm-based products are essential to many families who produce and sell oil and palm wine, as well as brooms and “black soap”. Nutritional analysis revealed that the pulp is rich in lipids, particularly unsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidants, while the kernels contain high levels of protein and key minerals. Rural communities rely heavily on oil palm, and promoting the preservation and sustainable use of wild E. guineensis is vital for food security and livelihoods in Guinea-Bissau and across West Africa.