Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in India (2020–2025): Mechanisms, Characterisation, Biomedical Applications, and Future Perspectives

ABSTRACT Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally benign alternative to conventional chemical and physical fabrication methods. India, with its rich biodiversity and traditional medicinal plant systems, has contributed substantially to the development of phytogenic AgNP synthesis. Between 2020 and 2025, numerous studies conducted within India or involving Indian research participation have demonstrated advancements in mechanistic understanding, phytochemical stabilisation, biomedical applications, environmental remediation, and agricultural uses of AgNPs. This review critically evaluates recent literature focusing on Indian and India-associated research contributions. Emphasis is placed on phytochemical reduction pathways, nanoparticle characterisation (UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, SEM, DLS, zeta potential), antibacterial and anticancer mechanisms, catalytic properties, toxicity assessment, and scalability challenges. Comparative tables summarise plant sources, particle size distributions, biological efficacy, and synthesis parameters. Finally, this review identifies research gaps and proposes future directions for translational and industrial applications. Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; Green synthesis; India; Plant extracts; Antibacterial activity; Nanomedicine; Sustainable nanotechnology.