Chitosan-based nanoparticles as a targeted drug delivery system to treat thyroid cancer

Background: Systemic toxicity, poor drug selectivity, treatment resistance, and inconsistent tumor responses are some of the therapeutic issues related to thyroid cancer (TC). Chitosan-based nanoparticles (ChNPs) have shown promise as nanocarriers for target drug delivery due to their mucoadhesive qualities, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and simplicity of surface modification. Methods: With an emphasis on their role in enhancing drug delivery and targeting efficiency, this review compiled the literature on recent developments in the design, functionalization, and use of ChNPs for TC therapy. Results: According to available data, physicochemical changes such as ligand conjugation, PEGylation, and stimuli-responsive linkers can support the stability, cellular uptake, circulation time, and therapeutic efficacy of NPs. ChNPs can deliver anticancer drugs to thyroid carcinoma cells with greater selectivity by utilizing both active targeting through ligand-mediated interactions and passive targeting through the increased permeability and retention effect. When compared to traditional therapeutic methods, preclinical research has shown better boosted antitumor activity, medication absorption, and dimensioned systemic toxicity. However, difficulties with large-scale production, regulatory approval, and long-term safety evaluation continue to hinder clinical translation. Conclusion: Although further translational and clinical research is required to confirm ChNPs’ safety and efficacy in standard clinical practice, they offer a promising platform for targeted TC treatment.