Blockchain technology: secure solution for extra virgin olive oil traceability in Jordan

Traceability is a key system used by policymakers and practitioners to address food authentication challenges in agri-food supply chains. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) is among the most adulterated products, given its premium quality and cost. Ensuring EVOO's authenticity remains difficult in developing contexts like Jordan, where traceability practices are fragmented, paper-based, and lack interoperability, limiting transparency and regulatory compliance. Existing lab-based authentication methods are costly, slow, and lack global standardisation. This study investigates how blockchain and IoT can support an effective traceability framework for Jordan's EVOO supply chain. Using Design Science Research, it combines a literature review and expert consultation to identify gaps and propose a GS1-enabled blockchain architecture integrating private (Quorum) and public (Ethereum) chains under JFDA oversight. The framework applies IoT, cloud computing, Arduino, and a mobile application, uniquely embedding GS1 standards to strengthen authenticity, transparency, and export competitiveness of Jordanian EVOO.