EXPRESS: Operator Positions and Perceptual Cues: Unpacking Their Effects on Middle School Students’ Performance and Errors in Order-of-Operations Problems
{"Many":[0],"middle":[1,40,82],"school":[2,41],"students":[3,42,97,124],"struggle":[4],"to":[5,15,81,112,118,133,164,173],"recognize":[6],"the":[7,21,33,73,76,91,127,175],"structure":[8],"of":[9,23,38,64,75,95,162,177],"arithmetic":[10,49],"problems,":[11],"which":[12],"often":[13],"leads":[14],"mathematical":[16,36],"errors.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19],"investigated":[20],"effects":[22],"operator":[24,54],"positions":[25],"and":[26,35,56,93,170],"perceptual":[27,102,121,141,149,178],"supports":[28],"(e.g.,":[29],"color,":[30],"spacing)":[31],"on":[32],"performance":[34],"errors":[37,96,116,137,163],"U.S.":[39],"(N":[43],"=":[44],"578)":[45],"when":[46],"solving":[47],"online":[48],"problems":[50],"with":[51,106],"one":[52],"higher-order":[53],"(multiplication)":[55],"two":[57],"lower-order":[58],"operators":[59],"(addition,":[60],"subtraction).":[61],"The":[62],"results":[63],"mixed-effect":[65],"models":[66],"revealed":[67],"that":[68,146],"students'":[69],"accuracy":[70],"decreased":[71],"as":[72],"location":[74],"multiplication":[77],"moved":[78],"from":[79],"left":[80],"or":[83],"right,":[84],"while":[85],"their":[86],"response":[87],"time":[88],"increased.":[89],"Furthermore,":[90],"types":[92,161],"rates":[94],"made":[98],"significantly":[99],"differed":[100],"by":[101],"cue.":[103],"Students":[104],"provided":[105],"color":[107,128,152],"cues":[108,150,179],"were":[109,130],"less":[110],"likely":[111,132],"make":[113,134],"\\"left-to-right":[114],"operation\\"":[115],"compared":[117],"those":[119,139],"without":[120,140],"cues.":[122,142],"However,":[123],"who":[125],"received":[126],"cue":[129],"more":[131],"\\"performing":[135],"multiplication-only\\"":[136],"than":[138],"These":[143],"findings":[144],"suggest":[145],"although":[147],"providing":[148],"like":[151],"can":[153],"reduce":[154],"\\"left-to-right\\"":[155],"errors,":[156],"they":[157],"may":[158],"introduce":[159],"new":[160],"some":[165],"students.":[166],"Therefore,":[167],"clear":[168],"instructions":[169],"examples":[171],"need":[172],"accompany":[174],"use":[176],"in":[180],"problem-solving":[181],"tasks.":[182]}
Authors
- Jeffrey K. Bye (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-3657)
- Caroline Byrd Hornburg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9563-859X)
- Alena Egorova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4577-9615)
- Ji‐Eun Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8521-8997)
- Carly Siegel Thorp
- Arba Kamberi
- Erin Ottmar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9487-7967)
- Avery H. Closser
- Heidy Rodriguez
Institutions
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute (US)
- Harvard University Press (US)
- California State University, Dominguez Hills (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Virginia Tech (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 2026-09-04
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218261488305
- Primary Topic
- Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings