Assessing the Sustainability Transition of Mexico’s Electricity System: Life-Cycle Impacts, Energy Indices, and Resource Use

The global energy transition is driving power systems toward lower-carbon electricity generation, requiring sustainability assessments that consider environmental burdens beyond direct carbon emissions. This study evaluates Mexico’s electricity system using life cycle assessment, resource analysis, and energy sustainability indices. The main novelty of this study is the development of four energy sustainability indices derived from EI99H damage results: the Index of Environmental Change per Energy Unit, Relative Environmental Change Index, Per Capita Environmental Impact, and Environmental Intensity Metric. These indices capture temporal environmental change, generation-related variation, population-related burden, and environmental impact per unit of electricity. Results show improvements in fuel oil, water, and biomass performance between 2013 and 2023, whereas natural gas and coal impacts increased. Mexico exhibits a lower per capita environmental burden than Germany and Spain, while France shows the lowest value, largely due to its nuclear-based electricity mix. Human Health damage is 55% higher than Ecosystem Quality, mainly due to fossil fuel combustion. Hydroelectric generation shows substantial water demand, while solar and wind have negligible requirements. Rising natural gas costs constrain competitiveness, whereas renewables maintain low operating costs.