MF-TopoNet: A Multi-Frequency Topological Neural Network for Epileptic Seizure Prediction

Electroencephalogram (EEG)-based seizure prediction has recently emerged as a critical technique for clinical diagnosis and intervention. However, conventional multi-channel EEG analysis methods often overlook the brain’s intrinsic spatial topology and typically employ fixed channel ordering, which constrain their ability to capture cross-regional interactions effectively. To address these limitations, this study proposes a novel Multi-Frequency Topological Neural Network (MF-TopoNet) that jointly captures topological and spatial–temporal characteristics of EEG signals. The proposed framework leverages both constructed functional brain networks and raw multi-channel EEG recordings as inputs, thereby facilitating complementary feature extraction. Specifically, the TopoConv module integrates topological information into the convolutional process and adopts randomized channel fusion to enhance feature diversity. In addition, a cross-band attention mechanism is introduced to model interactions across multiple frequency bands, further improving prediction accuracy. Extensive experiments conducted on the CHB-MIT and Siena datasets demonstrate the superiority and robustness of MF-TopoNet. Under 10-fold cross-validation, the proposed model achieved 95.88% accuracy, 95.60% sensitivity, and 96.15% specificity on the CHB-MIT dataset and 94.01% accuracy, 93.92% sensitivity, and 94.11% specificity on the Siena dataset. These results underscore the importance of incorporating brain topology into deep learning frameworks and highlight the effectiveness of multi-frequency feature fusion for improving seizure prediction performance.