Biohydrogen energy production from agricultural residues: A step towards sustainability

Hydrogen ion generation from agricultural farming waste is emerging as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source that offers a feasible substitute for fossil fuels. This analysis examined the potential of diverse agricultural residues, including maize straw, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk, for biohydrogen production. It offers a comprehensive examination of several pretreatment techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, to improve biomass digestibility and hydrogen production. The focus is on dark- and photo-fermentation methods and integrated fermentation approaches, which enhance biohydrogen production by maximizing substrate utilization. This study examines the critical elements influencing hydrogen production, such as pH, retention duration, and temperature, as well as advancements in bioreactor design. Economic assessments demonstrated the advantages and market demand for biohydrogen, highlighting its significance in meeting energy requirements and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Notwithstanding the present difficulties in increasing production capacity, technological innovations in pretreatment and fermentation processes are expected to enhance efficiency and reduce expenses. The analysis concludes with a perspective on forthcoming problems and the critical importance of biohydrogen for promoting global sustainable energy objectives.