The Former Lehmanni–Histrionica Species Complex: A Review of the Evolution, Natural History, and Conservation of the Large Colombian Oophaga (Family: Dendrobatidae)

A thorough understanding of the natural history and biology of any species of concern is vital to improving their conservation outlook. There are several possible impediments that can arise in compiling the necessary data to have such a measurable impact. The species belonging to the genus Oophaga display brilliant coloration that varies within and between species and extensive parental care that make this group unique among amphibians and highly recognizable to people around the world. The Large Colombian Oophaga, historically known as the histrionica–lehmanni species complex, is a group comprising five distinct species with varying color patterns, preferred habitats, and alkaloid profiles. These species are greatly understudied and there are considerable knowledge gaps about their biology and conservation status, ranging from species distributions and population structures to fecundity and development. These gaps can complicate efforts to conserve them both in their natural habitats and in ex situ efforts. Here we have compiled findings in the published literature on this unique clade of amphibians in an attempt to synthesize available knowledge on their natural history and evolution and alert the reader to ongoing threats. We provide species descriptions, including known ranges and localities, feeding ecology, and reproductive behaviors, as well as current conservation efforts to guard against emergent threats, namely habitat loss and the illegal pet trade. The species profiled here represent a clade of amphibians that are unique in their natural histories and very much in need of further investigations to improve our knowledge base. It is the goal of the authors for this compilation to serve as a starting point for conservation efforts and a springboard for further research on this fascinating group.