The cost of carbon stock soil practices in Italian vineyards: From scientific evidence to farmers’ perspectives

This study investigated stakeholder perspectives on implementing carbon farming practices in Italian vineyards through a two-step approach. First, a literature review identified 18 agronomic practices for improving carbon stock in vineyards, categorized into soil and crop management, soil conditioners and fertilizers, and irrigation. Second, we used a stakeholder engagement approach, combined with a survey to evaluate stakeholders’ knowledge, implementation levels, and economic willingness to adopt these practices. Results showed widespread awareness of carbon stock management practices among stakeholders, with green manure using nitrogen-fixing crops and grassing being the most commonly implemented or preferred techniques. Stakeholders acknowledged significant agro-environmental benefits, particularly improvements in soil organic matter, fertility, and biodiversity. However, socio-economic barriers emerged as primary obstacles, including equipment costs, potential income loss, and insufficient knowledge transfer. Economically, 45% of stakeholders expressed a willingness to pay 100–200€ per hectare to implement more sustainable practices, while 28% were willing to pay 200–500€. Most stakeholders believe that compensation should come from the Common Agricultural Policy, with preferred remuneration ranging 200–500€ per hectare. This study emphasizes that successful implementation requires not only financial support but also investments in infrastructure, education, and strengthened farmer networks. Policy frameworks, including targeted instruments within the Common Agricultural Policy and emerging voluntary carbon market mechanisms, will be central to translating stakeholder intent into large-scale practice adoption across Italian and Mediterranean viticultural landscapes.