Structural Analysis of Barriers to Waste-to-Energy Cogeneration Plant Implementation in Skopje Using Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) Framework

The city of Skopje faces persistent inefficiencies in waste management, characterised by rising waste generation and limited progress in sustainable treatment solutions. This paper addresses the need for a structured approach to identify barriers to implementing Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technology, focusing on incineration-based energy recovery as a potential option for improving waste management while generating energy. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) were applied to six categories of implementation challenges: operational, technical, financial, regulatory, social, and environmental. ISM identified hierarchical relationships within each category, while MICMAC classified challenges according to their driving and dependence powers. The results revealed distinct structural patterns across categories, with underlying barriers including inadequate waste separation and collection, lack of integrated waste information, competitive renewable energy prices, regulatory preferences for waste reuse, recycling and reduction over WtE, institutional distrust, and combustion residue management. The findings reveal interconnected barriers with distinct structural roles, while conceptual mitigation measures and relevant SDG linkages are proposed based on the identified barriers and literature. The proposed ISM-MICMAC framework provides a structured approach for analysing WtE implementation barriers and can be adapted to other contexts following appropriate contextual and quantitative assessment.