Capture Probability and Effects of Bait Type on Learning Behavior in an Unexploited Population of Northern Pike ( Esox lucius )

ABSTRACT Changes in angling response were studied over a period of three years in a natural, previously unfished population of northern pike. Standardized angling sessions took place during two weeks in spring and autumn with three bait types: bright‐ and natural‐colored soft plastic baits and a dead baitfish. A total of 22,213 casts, equally distributed between bait types, led to 238 attacks and 69 captured fish, of which 30.6% were captured at least twice. Capture rate decreased within angling sessions, between seasons, and with year of study, indicating short‐term learning, seasonal differences in motivational factors, and long‐lasting learning effects. Fish remained responsive to the dead baitfish in spring, suggesting a bait‐dependent learning effect. Bright‐colored baits were effective for first‐time captures but largely failed for recaptures. Overall, an estimated 43.2% of pike over 40 cm seemed vulnerable to capture. Based on these results, we discuss scenarios in which angling, learning, and bait selectivity might affect the sustainable management of recreational fisheries on predatory fish.