Nanomaterial engineering for recoil management and daughter-nuclide redistribution in targeted alpha therapy

Recent advances in targeted alpha therapy have highlighted a central but still unresolved nanobiotechnology problem, namely how to control the fate of recoil daughters after alpha decay. After alpha decay, recoil daughters may escape from the carrier and redistribute to non-target tissues, thereby reducing therapeutic selectivity and confounding absorbed-dose estimation. This challenge places nanomaterials at the center of current development, because their architecture, composition, and surface chemistry can directly determine nanoscale confinement, local recapture, degradation behavior, and transport across biological barriers. At the same time, the rapid expansion of alpha-emitter research and the emergence of more rigorous translational frameworks make it increasingly necessary to link material design with measurable biological and dosimetric outcomes. This review therefore provides a nanobiotechnology-oriented synthesis of recoil physics, daughter redistribution, and engineering strategies for daughter control, with the aim of clarifying how nanomaterial design can improve retention, tumor delivery, and organ sparing in next-generation targeted alpha therapy.