Wolffia globosa as a Multifunctional Sustainable Bioresource: Applications in Aquaculture Nutrition, Functional Foods, and Circular Bioeconomy

The rapid expansion of global aquaculture and increasing demand for sustainable protein sources have intensified the search for alternatives to conventional fish meal. Wolffia globosa, the smallest and fastest-growing flowering plant, has emerged as a promising yet underutilized aquatic resource with significant potential in aquaculture nutrition and sustainable food systems. Despite growing interest in aquatic plant-based proteins, comprehensive evaluation of W. globosa across nutrition, cultivation, and application systems remains limited. This review synthesizes current knowledge on its biology, nutritional composition, functional properties, and application potential in aquaculture and circular bioeconomy systems. W. globosa exhibits rapid vegetative propagation, high biomass productivity, and minimal resource requirements, enabling efficient cultivation in nutrient-rich environments. It contains high-quality protein (20–48% dry weight), essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and diverse bioactive compounds with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Feeding studies demonstrate its potential to enhance growth performance, feed efficiency, and physiological health in aquatic species. Additionally, its capacity to absorb nitrogen and phosphorus supports nutrient recycling and water quality improvement in integrated aquaculture systems. However, variability in nutrient composition, limited large-scale cultivation data, insufficient long-term feeding trials, and uncertain economic feasibility at industrial scale remain key challenges for its commercial adoption. Overall, W. globosa represents a promising but still developing biomass resource with strong potential to reduce dependence on fish meal while supporting environmentally efficient aquaculture and future food systems. Future research should focus on optimizing cultivation practices, developing efficient processing technologies, and validating long-term feeding performance to facilitate its large-scale adoption.