Microplastic fiber fragment release from dry-state textiles: A novel peeling-based evaluation

While standardized methods exist for evaluating microplastic fiber fragment (MPFF) release during textile washing, dry-state release during garment manufacturing and use remains poorly understood. In this study, MPFF release from raw and finished knitted fabrics, including dyed and hydrophilic-softened (S), and dyed, softened, and antibacterial-finished (SP) samples, was investigated using novel peeling, cutting, and Martindale abrasion tests. The results demonstrate that fabric finishing alters MPFF release behavior: it reduces MPFF release during peeling but increases release under abrasion. In addition, cutting generates substantial emissions, particularly for raw fabrics and in the course direction. These findings highlight the importance of considering multiple mechanical actions when assessing MPFF release and indicate that considerable emissions occur during both manufacturing and use. The proposed approaches contribute to the development of more comprehensive testing methods and support the development of improved mitigation strategies in the textile industry.