Proton angular momentum structure revisited: Insights from Patterson function analysis

The Patterson function provides a model‑independent framework for probing the internal structure of hadrons and nuclei. Applied to the proton, it reveals a compact angular momentum distribution with a radius just above that of the kaon. Comparative profiles across mesons, baryons, and light nuclei highlight systematic differences in spatial compactness, offering new insights into the ordering of charge, mass/energy, mechanical force, and angular momentum densities. An additional observation is that direct presentation of Bq, as adopted in recent studies, may yield smoother reconstructions than compounded inputs from Ai and Ji, suggesting practical advantages for future analyses.