Multi-organ single-cell transcriptomic atlas identifies QrIAA14 as a candidate negative regulator of adventitious root development in Quercus robur

Plant organ development involves coordinated cell fate transitions across multiple tissues, yet the cellular programs underlying organ-specific differentiation in woody plants remain poorly understood, particularly the mechanisms limiting efficient root development during vegetative propagation of oak species. Here, we generated a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic landscape of leaf, stem, and root tissues of Quercus robur to resolve developmental trajectories at cellular resolution. A total of 41,471 high-quality cells were classified into 30 distinct clusters, enabling the identification of major cell types and organ-specific transcriptional features across three vegetative organs. Pseudotime analyses exhibited the developmental programs related to guard cell differentiation in leaves, vascular formation in stems, and root tissue development. Additionally, combining scRNA-seq, bulk transcriptome profiling, and phytohormone investigations, we identified auxin signaling as an important regulator during adventitious root development process. Notably, QrIAA14-1, an IAA14 homolog, was preferential enrichment in root hair, near-root hair cells and root cap along root developmental trajectories, which was further supported by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization assays. Furthermore, the overexpression of QrIAA14-1 significantly inhibited oak root elongation, resulting in around 64.46% reduction in adventitious root length compared with control plants, providing mechanistic insight into the limitations of root development in oak. Together, this study provides the first high-resolution single-cell atlas of cellular organization and developmental dynamics across oak vegetative organs and identifies the candidate regulator genes associated with root development, offering new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of woody plant root regeneration and clonal propagation.