Non-linear associations between yogurt consumption and acne among young women

Purpose This study aims to examine dietary behaviors by acne status among Saudi females, focusing on non-linear associations that may reflect dietary self-modification rather than direct causal effects. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study was conducted among 185 Saudi females. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, acne history and dietary habits were collected using a structured questionnaire. Associations between dietary habits and acne status were evaluated using binary logistic regression adjusted for age, body mass index and family history of acne. Findings The prevalence of self-reported acne was 67.0%. Most dietary factors, including milk, cheese, fried foods, sugar-rich foods and beverages and fruit and vegetable intake, were not significantly associated with acne after adjustment. However, yogurt consumption showed a non-linear association: participants consuming yogurt 1–2 times per week had higher odds of acne than non-consumers (2.77; 1.21–6.35), whereas higher consumption frequencies were not associated with acne. Research limitations/implications The cross-sectional design limits causal inference, and self-reported dietary intake may be subject to recall bias. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. Practical implications The findings of this study do not support routine dietary restriction for acne management and highlight the importance of evidence-based nutritional counseling. Social implications Perceived diet–acne relationships may encourage unnecessary dietary changes, emphasizing the need for accurate public health education. Originality/value This study provides novel evidence of a non-linear association between yogurt consumption and acne, suggesting dietary self-modification rather than causality and contributing to the limited evidence from Middle Eastern populations.