Triadic Victimization in Violence Against Women in Politics: Repairing Justice and Restoring Democracy in Japan

Violence against women in politics (VAWIP) is a widespread phenomenon that deters women from fully engaging with political activities, particularly from running for office. Not only office seekers but also a broader range of women actors, such as journalists, human rights defenders, and civil servants, experience sexual harassment and assault perpetrated by political actors (Krook 2020). While much of the literature on violence against women in politics focuses on the incidence of such violence and policy solutions, this article broadens the analytical scope to theorize how institutional responses to redress harms may not resolve but instead exacerbate violence through further layers of victimization.