Describing the clinical picture of imported cases of canine leishmaniosis in Canada: a case series study

Canine leishmaniosis, caused by infection with Leishmania spp., can cause severe disease in dogs. While not endemic in Canada, dogs are regularly imported from countries where the disease is endemic. This study aimed to describe imported cases of canine leishmaniosis in Canada, utilizing mixed prospective ( n = 8), and retrospective ( n = 13) data. Demographic, life history and laboratory data (i.e., whole blood, serum, urine samples) as well as physical examination findings at diagnosis and following an initial course of treatment were collected. Additionally, dog caregivers (i.e., owners) completed surveys at the time of diagnosis, and 1 year following diagnosis to collect data on clinical presentation, disease progression, and experiences surrounding disease diagnosis, treatment, and management. Twenty-one dogs were enrolled in the study, and at diagnosis the most frequently reported clinical signs by caregivers included dermatological abnormalities (21/21, 100%), decreased activity (12/21, 57.1%), abnormal nail growth (10/21, 47.6%), and ocular abnormalities (9/21, 42.9%). Dogs also presented with hyperglobulinemia ( n = 17), hypoalbuminemia ( n = 13), and anemia ( n = 9). All caregivers opted to provide an initial course of treatment, after which serum protein levels significantly reduced, while median red blood cell counts, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and platelet levels all significantly increased. Caregivers frequently reported challenges surrounding medication access (10/17, 58.8%). One year post-diagnosis, caregivers reported a resolution of clinical signs in almost dogs (13/17, 76.5%). This study provides insight into the current context of canine leishmaniosis in Canada and identifies the need for focused educational supports for Canadian veterinarians and caregivers managing these cases.