Educational Utility of a Full-Skull 3-Dimensional Model for Skull Base Surgery Training.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Skull base surgery requires precise 3-dimensional (3D) anatomic understanding and advanced drilling techniques within a confined operative space. Although cadaveric dissection remains the gold standard for training, its availability is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the educational utility of a commercially available full-skull 3D model for skull base surgery training. METHODS: A full-skull 3D model reproducing the cranial base and brain was used in a hands-on training session involving 8 neurosurgeons, including 2 residents and 6 board-certified surgeons. Multiple skull base approaches were practiced. In addition, a patient-specific tumor model generated from clinical imaging data was incorporated to simulate pathological anatomy. Participants completed a questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale to assess bone hardness, anatomic accuracy, realism, drilling sensation, safety and usability, and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: Overall satisfaction with the model was high across all evaluation categories. Anatomic accuracy, realism, and usability received high mean scores. Overlay visualization of individual responses demonstrated consistent trends without reliance on inferential statistics. Qualitative feedback indicated that the model was particularly useful for understanding spatial orientation and approach selection, whereas limitations were noted regarding tactile realism, including uniform bone hardness and dural texture. CONCLUSION: The full-skull 3D model demonstrated substantial educational value as a supplementary training tool for skull base surgery. By enabling repeated practice, approach comparison, and patient-specific simulation, this model may complement cadaver-based training, particularly for early-stage neurosurgeons. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to establish its role within structured skull base education programs.