Arundo donax L.: Ecological Traits Driving Invasiveness and Challenges for Sustainable Management

Arundo donax L., generally known as common reed, is a perennial microthermal grass belonging to the Poaceae family, widely distributed in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the world. Although its origin is still the subject of scientific debate, many phylogenetic studies place it in central-southern or eastern Asia. Regardless of its area of origin, A. donax was spread due to anthropogenic activities and has had multiple waves of introduction. While substantial research has focused on the biological and bioenergetic potential of A. donax, its extreme ecological resilience represents a critical paradox for ecosystem management. The very traits that make this species an attractive crop—such as high primary productivity, rapid vegetative propagation, and epigenetic plasticity—are the driving forces behind its severe invasiveness in riparian ecosystems. This review aims to re-examine the physiological and genetic mechanisms of A. donax through a management-oriented lens, providing a critical evaluation of why current eradication strategies frequently fail and highlighting the urgent need for integrated control frameworks.