Modular 3D-Printed Smartphone XR Goggle With Independent Tri-Axis Optical Adjustment

Smartphone-based extended reality (XR) systems offer a low-cost platform for immersive simulation, yet most smartphone XR goggles provide limited optical adjustability across users. This study developed a modular, fully 3D-printed smartphone XR goggle with mechanically independent adjustment of interpupillary distance, vertical optical alignment, and eye-display distance. The system also incorporates a sprue-based modular fabrication strategy that consolidates components into a compact print layout for user assembly. Developer bench testing demonstrated adjustment ranges spanning documented adult anthropometric variability. A single-session usability study with five adult participants evaluated whether the adjustment mechanisms could be identified without instruction across standardized scenarios. Participants identified the intended mechanism in 14 of 15 responses and described its function accurately, indicating that the adjustment architecture was largely intuitive without prior interaction with the goggle. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of combining anthropometric adjustability, fabrication-efficient modularity, and intuitive operation within a low-cost smartphone XR goggle.