Giant Recurrent Substernal Goiter Causing Severe Compression of Mediastinal Vessels 25 Years After Total Thyroidectomy: A Case Report

ABSTRACT Recurrent substernal goiter can develop decades after total thyroidectomy due to microscopic residual tissue. It must be considered in the differential diagnosis of giant mediastinal masses. When severe airway or vascular compression occurs, definitive management typically requires an extracervical approach, such as a complete median sternotomy, for safe resection.