Mathematical modeling of battery thermal management system under nano-enhanced phase change material applicable in electric vehicles

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles has intensified the need for efficient Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) to ensure safety and reliability performance. This study develops a modified mathematical model for a Nano-enhanced Phase Change Materials (NePCM)-based BTMS aimed at improving temperature regulation in electric vehicle battery modules. The model integrates enhanced thermal diffusion with buoyancy-driven natural convection to promote effective heat dissipation without mechanical cooling. Transient simulations were carried out for \\(5\\times 5\\) cylindrical and \\(5\\times 1\\) prismatic battery configurations under internal heat generation over a \\(600s\\) period using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2. The results indicate that the cylindrical module temperature was maintained between \\(300K\\) and \\(336K\\) , while the prismatic module reached a maximum of \\(345K\\) . Buoyancy-induced flow velocities of \\(2.0\\times {10}^{-2}m/s\\) and \\(1.8\\times {10}^{-2}m/s\\) were observed for the cylindrical and prismatic modules, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the proposed NePCM–BTMS set up provides a cost effective and sustainable solution for passive thermal management in electric vehicles.