Seamless Integration of Unidirectional Nanowires With ITO Enables High‑Performance Transparent Synapse Arrays Via Interfacial Ion‐Electronic Coupling

ABSTRACT High‐performance transparent optoelectronic synapses are highly desirable for neuromorphic vision sensors. Herein, a general strategy is proposed for developing high‐performance transparent synapse array through integration of unidirectional nanowires and transparent electrodes. The device is fabricated via two streamlined steps involving in‐plane aligned growth of millimeter‐long C8‐BTBT nanowires on sapphire substrate through nanogroove‐confined recrystallization, followed by shadow‐mask‐assisted ITO deposition. Replacing opaque metal electrodes with transparent ITO not only preserves optical transparency, but also introduces an oxygen‐vacancy‐mediated ion–electronic coupling mechanism at the ITO/C8‐BTBT interface. The synergistic effect of the ion‐electronic dynamics and the aligned nanowire architecture fundamentally tailors carrier relaxation dynamics, delivering a two‐orders‐of‐magnitude extension of persistent photoconductivity, two‐fold enhancement in paired‐pulse facilitation, two‐orders‐of‐magnitude reduction in energy consumption to picojoule level, and linear conductance modulation with >5000 incremental updates. Furthermore, the transparent synaptic array exhibits unit‐to‐unit uniformity and enables UV pattern recognition with visional retention exceeding 150 s. Benefiting from the highly linear conductance modulation, the device supports accurate four‐function arithmetic operations and UV‐encoded International Morse code decoding. This work demonstrates that the synergistic integration of unidirectional nanowires and interfacial ion–electronic coupling provides a versatile strategy for constructing high‐performance transparent optoelectronic synapses arrays, offering a compelling platform for neuromorphic applications.