Pd/Fe-functionalized sugarcane bagasse ash as an oxidoreductase-mimic nanozyme for multi-aflatoxin decomposition in complex food matrices: Multi-Objective optimization and nutritional value analysis

Herein, a sustainable “ biotoxin-control-by-waste ” framwork was developed by upcycling sugarcane bagasse ash into a high-performance, amphiphilic dual-metallic nanozyme (Pd n Fe m /SA- xy NZ). Pd n Fe m /SA- xy mimics enzymatic activity to target the oxidative cleavage of the toxin's lactone/furan ring within complex food matrices. Structurally/morphologically characterization illustrated synergistic alloy integration, while maximized pseudo-enzymatic sites density. The SA-biomass's amphiphilic nature facilitated the superior dispersion within lipid-rich matrices, accelerating mass-transfer kinetics. The Pd 0.66 Fe 0.34 /SA-22 exhibits excellent nano-oxidoreductase-like activity (>98.0%) for multi-aflatoxin degradation, maintaining robust stability across a wide temperature (278-308 K) and pH (3.0-10) ranges, which attributed to 1 O 2 / ● OH surface-bound species generation via enzymatic-like interaction and efficient electron/mass transfer. Notably, the inherent magnetic characteristic of the nanozyme enabled rapid and nearly complete recovery from the oil matrics, ensuring minimal metal leaching to food matrices. The kinetic-thermodynamic studies revealed that the process followed a pseudo- 1st -order model and was thermodynamically feasible. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that the treatment had no significant impact on the fatty acid profiles, phytosterol content, and Vitamin E levels, preserving the nutritional and organoleptic integrity of the oils. Furthermore, the identified degradation products exhibited substantially lower toxicity and mutagenicity compared to the parent AFB1. The platform ensures exceptional recoverability and minimal metal leaching, maintaining the oils' nutritional and organoleptic integrity.