Developing scales for training management styles of coaches

Studies on the leadership styles of coaches are prevalent in the literature. However, there is a notable absence of scale studies focusing on coach profiles related to training management styles from both the perspectives of athletes and coaches. To address this gap, the present study aimed to develop two scales: the Training Management Styles Scale for Coaches (TMSS-C) and the Training Management Styles Scale for Athletes (TMSS-A). Data were collected from various geographical regions across Turkey. A pilot study for the TMSS-C involved 36 coaches, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with 432 coaches. For the TMSS-A, a pilot study was conducted with 64 athletes, and EFA and CFA were performed with 726 athletes. Expert opinions were also gathered to establish the content and face validity of both scales. The EFA and CFA results for the TMSS-C revealed a 28-item structure with four factors (contemporary, situational, liberal, planned), demonstrating acceptable validity and reliability within the sample. Similarly, the TMSS-A yielded a 39-item structure with six factors (contemporary, situational, liberal, authoritarian, planned, democratic), also exhibiting acceptable levels of validity and reliability within the study sample.