Integrated Alpha–Gamma Radiation Exposure From Natural Radionuclides in Cement and Gypsum Production: Implications for Occupational Lung Cancer Risk

ABSTRACT Natural radionuclides in cement and gypsum production materials pose significant risks of occupational radiation exposure that are not well documented in Iraqi Kurdistan. This study quantifies alpha and gamma radiation levels from naturally occurring radioactive materials, specifically 222 Rn, 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K, in cement and gypsum samples from regional production facilities. Radionuclide activity concentrations were measured using alpha counting techniques and gamma spectrometry. The air concentrations of radon gas ranged from 76.14 to 285.98 Bq/m 3 , with an average of 169.42 Bq/m 3 . Although the activity concentrations of gamma‐emitting radionuclides were within internationally acceptable limits, they still contributed to cumulative radiation exposure. The risk of lung cancer was estimated for workers with occupational exposure durations of 5, 10, 20, and 30 years, considering both alpha particle exhalation and gamma radiation exposure. The results indicated an average lung cancer risk of 0.03% for individual workers, with a progressive increase corresponding to the duration of employment. For long‐term exposure (30 years), this risk increased to between 0.029% and 0.04% per individual. While most radiological parameters fall within Health Canada Guidelines, the cumulative effects of radiation exposure suggest the need for strict radiation protection protocols. This research establishes essential baseline data for occupational health standards in the construction materials industry of Iraqi Kurdistan and highlights the importance of continuous radiological monitoring and safety measures for workers in cement and gypsum production facilities.