Integrated strategies for reviving declining large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) orchards in Nepal

Large cardamom ( Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is a high-value, export-potential spice crop in Nepal. However, production has gradually declined in many orchards in recent years. Despite its economic significance, a comprehensive synthesis of the interrelated factors responsible for orchard decline and practical strategies for revival remains limited. This review synthesizes available literature, technical reports, and extension documents to identify the major biotic, abiotic, and management-related factors contributing to the decline of this crop in Nepal. Studies indicate that pest and disease infestation associated with climate change is a major cause of production decline. Other important factors contributing to the decline include the prevalence of old and exhausted farms, use of low-quality planting materials, poor intercultural practices, degraded soil fertility, lack of irrigation facilities, and traditional farming practices. Therefore, an integrated management strategy, including improved cultural practices, integrated pest and disease management, integrated nutrient management, water management, and climate-resilient farming, is essential for reviving declining orchards. Future efforts should focus on improving orchard rejuvenation techniques, promoting climate-resilient production practices, and strengthening research and extension support for farmers.