Spatial Variations in the Socio-economic Status of Female Street Vendors: Insights from Varanasi City

Abstract The present study examines the socio-economic status of female street vendors in Varanasi, India, with particular emphasis on inter-area variations in livelihood conditions. The study is based on primary data collected from 300 female street vendors selected from three contrasting locations, namely Varanasi Municipal Corporation, Ramnagar, and Birbhanpur. A multistage sampling design was adopted, and information was collected through structured interviews. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and area-wise comparative analysis were employed to examine variations in age, social group, educational attainment, marital status, family characteristics, income, savings, and indebtedness. The findings reveal considerable socio-spatial disparities among the study areas. Women vendors in the municipal core exhibit relatively better educational attainment, income levels, and financial security, whereas those in peripheral areas experience greater educational deprivation, low income, limited savings, and higher indebtedness. The study identifies a clear urban–peripheral gradient of socio-economic vulnerability, indicating that location significantly influences livelihood opportunities and economic well-being. The study highlights the need for geographically differentiated policy interventions focusing on financial inclusion, social security, skill development, and market infrastructure to improve the livelihoods of female street vendors. Keywords: Street vendors; Urban informality; Socio-economic status; Spatial inequality; Women’s livelihoods; Varanasi.