MHD forced convection of a Carreau hybrid nanofluid in a vented cavity with a porous wavy cylinder

This work statistically examines the mixed convection and heat transfer properties of a Carreau hybrid nanofluid inside a square cavity comprising porous wavy square cylinders, influenced by an angled magnetic field. The shear-thinning characteristics of the Carreau hybrid nanofluid are studied under the assumptions of two-dimensional, laminar and incompressible flow. The governing equations are solved with the finite element technique (FEM) executed in COMSOL Multiphysics. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of critical factors, such as the Carreau parameter (Cu), Hartmann number (Ha), Reynolds number (Re), Darcy number (Da), power-law index (n) and magnetic field inclination angle (φ), on flow structure and thermal performance. The findings demonstrate that elevating the Darcy number from 10−4 to 10−2 diminishes the average Nusselt number by around 18−25%, but a low Hartmann number improves heat transport by 8−12% owing to less magnetic damping. The research emphasises the significant influences of non-Newtonian rheology, porous media permeability and magnetic field orientation on the enhancement of convection and heat transfer, offering valuable design insights for magneto-thermal systems utilising hybrid nanofluids in fields such as aerospace, microelectronics cooling and HVAC, where corrugations additionally facilitate turbulence and heat transfer.