Barriers and facilitators for female tennis coaches: A comparison between Africa and other regions

Objectives This study investigates the barriers and supports experienced by female tennis coaches worldwide, with a focus on exploring regional disparities, especially between African and non-African coaches. Theoretical frameworks such as Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory and the Self-Determination Theory provided a foundation for analyzing multi-level challenges and opportunities. Methods Utilizing data from 55 female tennis coaches across 45 nations, the research employs a comparative approach. A questionnaire, adapted from the Barriers to Sports Coaching Questionnaire for Women (BSCQW), assessed challenges and facilitators across four levels: sociocultural, organizational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Results Results reveal shared challenges such as financial instability, limited mentorship opportunities, and work-life balance struggles. African coaches reported greater job insecurity and systemic discrimination compared to their counterparts from other regions. In contrast, non-African coaches perceived administrative burdens and career advancement constraints as more prominent issues. Findings suggest the need for tailored interventions, including mentorship programmes, flexible scheduling, and gender equality policies to mitigate barriers and promote inclusivity. Conclusion The study highlights the positive impact of educational and networking programmes, which enhance self-confidence, reduce feelings of isolation, and promote professional development. This research fills a critical gap by addressing underrepresentation and unique challenges faced by female tennis coaches globally, with implications for regional policy development and practical applications. Addressing these systemic barriers and supports is vital for fostering a diverse and equitable coaching environment, inspiring future generations of female coaches, and enhancing tennis's global appeal.