Intent-Conditioned Diffusion Trajectory Prediction for Proactive Lane-Change Risk Assessment

Proactive lane-change risk assessment requires estimating whether an intended maneuver will lead to unsafe interactions before the maneuver is completed. This is challenging in naturalistic driving data because actual crashes are extremely rare, and binary collision labels provide little discriminative information for learning risk. We propose IntentDiff, an intent-conditioned diffusion framework for proactive lane-change risk assessment. The framework uses predicted future trajectories as the basis for risk estimation. A vectorized scene context learning module combines a VectorNet backbone with a Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder (VQ-VAE) to map agent–map interactions into discrete intent codes. These codes organize complex traffic situations into interpretable intent prototypes and provide semantic guidance for trajectory generation. Conditioned on the learned intent code, a diffusion model generates kinematically consistent multimodal trajectories of the target vehicle. On the forecast trajectories, Monte Carlo rear-end risk is evaluated against the four bounding vehicles and fused into a Lane-Change Risk Index (LCRI). On the highD dataset, the framework attains an average displacement error of 0.42 m over a 5-s horizon. The forecast-based LCRI agrees closely with the index computed from realized future trajectories, indicating that most high-risk lane changes can be identified before the maneuver is completed. Grouping LCRI by intent code further reveals systematic variation in risk across lane-change maneuvers, suggesting that the learned codebook captures risk-relevant interaction patterns in addition to maneuver semantics.