Microbiome-mediated regulation of pathogen virulence: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

-employ distinct molecular strategies against these pathogens. Organ-on-chip platforms and multi-omics advances reveal context-dependent interactions. Clinical applications including rationally designed probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and precision microbiome engineering show promise despite challenges of inter-individual microbiome variability, representing a paradigm shift toward ecosystem-based infectious disease management.