The return of an old acquaintance: stakeholder perspectives on the coexistence of humans and wolves in the Netherlands

Abstract After more than a century of absence, the return of wolves ( Canis lupus ) to the Netherlands has sparked controversy due to the diverse stakeholder perspectives on human–wolves coexistence. These perspectives are complex, based on multiple variables and vary both within and between stakeholder categories. This study uses Q-methodology to explore these perspectives among different stakeholder categories in the Netherlands: animal keepers, conservationists, site managers, scientists and government officials. Q methodology identifies shared viewpoints by grouping individuals based on how they rank statements about various aspects of coexisting with wolves. We identified four distinct perspectives: 1: Wolves have intrinsic value , prevention is the solution ; 2: Wolves contribute nothing , management through culling is needed; 3: Wolves cause damage and stress , prevention doesn’t work; 4: People and their emotions about wolves are central . Across these perspectives, stakeholders differ in their views on human-nature relationships, wolf-management and the acceptability of a range of societal impacts. However, there are also multiple points of consensus, including a realistic stance about the presence of wolves and its implications, and the shared sense that societal polarization over this topic is counterproductive. These elements of consensus provide a basis for constructive dialogue regarding human-wolves co-existence. Since no perspective rejects compromise, these commonalities can support the development of human-wolf coexistence strategies. At the same time, differences in priorities highlight issues on which dialogue is urgent, helping shape mutually acceptable and context-sensitive wolf policies.