A Data-Centric Deterministic State-Transition Architecture for CAD-to-CNC Integration in Structured 2.5-Axis Machining

Abstract This study presents a data-centric CAD-to-CNC integration architecture for structured 2.5-axis prismatic machining that formalizes the transformation from DXF geometry to controller-agnostic ISO G-code. While conventional CAM systems effectively generate NC programs, the geometry-to-program mapping is typically embedded within proprietary workflows rather than specified as an explicit and analyzable integration model. The proposed framework exposes this mapping as a structured state-transition pipeline coordinated through a schema-constrained intermediate representation termed the unified machining dataset (UMD). Unlike conventional CAM workflows that require machine-specific post-processors, the proposed framework synthesizes controller-agnostic ISO motion primitives directly from the structured transformation pipeline. The contribution lies in (i) defining a structured dataset that decouples geometric descriptors, machining intent, process parameters, and control attributes; (ii) modeling the end-to-end DXF-to-ISO progression as an explicitly defined sequence of transformation operators under controlled computational assumptions; and (iii) providing architectural evaluation through comparative trials involving rule-governed automation, commercial CAM, and controller-native manual programming. Validation across progressively complex feature-based case studies confirms consistent feature interpretation, rule-based toolpath generation, and reproducible ISO program synthesis. Comparative results demonstrate substantial reduction in programming interaction effort while preserving geometric equivalence and cross-platform portability. Observed cycle-time differences are analytically attributed to controller-level motion optimization rather than discrepancies in geometric transformation. Within the defined scope of structured 2.5-axis machining, the framework establishes a transparent and reproducible integration backbone suitable for standardized prismatic manufacturing contexts.