Instrumented characterization of forward-release error in archery using video, electromyography, and pressure-based measures

Forward release is a critical execution error in archery characterized by improper finger release mechanics of the bowstring, but objective field-based detection remains limited. This study evaluated whether a synchronized multimodal measurement system could identify forward-release error and whether self-reported competitive anxiety and simulated stress influenced its occurrence. The stress was simulated using a competitive shooting environment incorporating time pressure, direct competition, salient visual and auditory cues, audience presence, and performance-contingent goal setting. Thirty-two adolescent competitive archers (13–15 years) performed shooting trials under relaxed and simulated-stress conditions while elbow displacement, upper-limb surface EMG, plantar-pressure variables, heart rate, and shooting scores were recorded. Regression tested whether Anxiety Index and self-confidence predicted forward-release frequency. Forward-release and normal-release shots were compared across biomechanical, neuromuscular, postural, and performance variables, and relaxed and stress conditions were compared for heart rate, forward-release frequency, and round score. The forward release was classified based on the presence or absence of forward movement of the arrow tip at the moment of release. Anxiety Index and self-confidence did not predict forward-release frequency ( R 2 = .006, p = .919). In contrast, forward-release shots showed significantly greater horizontal ( p = .012, r = .44) and vertical elbow displacement ( p < .001, r = .84), higher flexor digitorum superficialis ( p = .0023) and biceps brachii ( p = .0039) activity, and lower per-shot scores, whereas center-of-pressure variables did not differ. Under simulated stress, round scores decreased, but heart rate and forward-release frequency were unchanged. These findings support multimodal field instrumentation as a practical approach for detecting execution error and lay the groundwork for future real-time feedback in archery training.