A sustainability driven hybrid solar grid electric vehicle charging model for residential areas: A case study in Dhaka City

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in urban centers in Bangladesh will depend on scalable and sustainable charging infrastructure. Focusing on Bijoy Rakeen City, a representative high density residential community in Dhaka, this study investigates whether existing residential substations can support high demand EV charging stations. Using a baseline scenario of current EV adoption and a stress-test scenario of 50 battery-electric vehicles and 40 plug-in hybrids, an 80 kW charging station integrated with a 20 kW rooftop photovoltaic (PV) system was modeled and analyzed. Hourly load and charging patterns, gathered from local surveys and scaled projections, were used in HOMER Pro simulations. Results indicate that daily charging demand may reach 310 kWh, with super peak loads of 40 kW that fully utilize substation reserve capacity. The PV system supplies up to 29,000 kWh per year, meeting over half of total demand under moderate adoption and nearly one quarter under high adoption, with renewable fractions of 51% and 22%, respectively. Cost analysis shows that solar integration significantly reduces energy delivery costs and operational expenses. Although PV based EV charging reduces CO 2 emissions, the current grid mix may cause EVs to emit roughly double the NO x and SO 2 emissions of gasoline vehicles.