From Pattern to Position: Identifying Spatial Configuration Logic of Traditional Window Lattice Patterns in Zhaoyu Ancient City, China

Traditional window lattice patterns constitute an important component of vernacular architectural heritage, yet the relationship between lattice configurations and their spatial placement within buildings remains insufficiently understood. This study explores the empirical spatial configuration logic underlying traditional window lattice patterns in the historic buildings of Zhaoyu Ancient City, Shanxi Province, China. Based on field surveys, photographic documentation, and standardized morphological analysis, window samples were classified using a quantitative typological approach, followed by statistical analysis of pattern distributions across different architectural positions. Standardized line drawings were reconstructed as morphological abstractions to facilitate comparative analysis of lattice configurations and their spatial distribution. The results reveal consistent associations between lattice configurations and architectural positions, suggesting that window lattice selection was influenced by spatial context rather than influenced solely by decorative preference. These observed configurations are discussed in relation to regional architectural traditions, local cultural contexts, functional requirements, and construction practices that shaped vernacular building development. The relationships are further interpreted through the perspectives of visual perception, regional culture, historical context, and heritage conservation. Rather than proposing a universal design grammar, this study provides empirical evidence for understanding implicit spatial configuration principles embedded in traditional vernacular architecture and offers a methodological reference for heritage documentation, conservation practice, and future comparative studies.